Stillborn Crusade: The Tragic Failure of Western Intervention in the Former Soviet Union by Ilya Somin

Author:Ilya Somin [Somin, Ilya]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: International Relations, Political Science, General
ISBN: 9781351292108
Google: 4yBWDwAAQBAJ
Goodreads: 39950033
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 1996-01-01T00:00:00+00:00

Notes

* * *

1. Title taken from statement in letter from George Kennan to Robert Lansing, May 26, 1918, in Arthur S. Link, ed., The Papers ofWoodrow Wilson, Vol. 48, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966-94); p. 187, hereafter cited as PWW.

2. Wilson, “Fourteen Points Address,” January 8, 1918, in Ibid., vol. 45, p. 537.

3. Ross Gregory, The Origins of American Intervention in the First World War, (New York: Norton, 1971), p. 126.

4. Wilson, “Declaration of War Message,” April 2, 1917, reprinted in ibid., p. 145.

5. See FRUS, 1918, vol. 1, pp. 107-53.

6. Lansing, memorandum, August 9, 1917; in Lansing, War Memoirs, p. 337.

7. See Pipes, Russian Revolution, chs. 10-11, for a strong reassertion of the argument that these were indeed the mistakes which led to the Provisional Government's overthrow.

8. Lansing, memorandum, December 2, 1917, in Lansing, War Memoirs, p. 339.

9. Ibid., p. 341.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid., p. 340.

12. Ibid., p. 341.

13. Ibid., pp. 341-42.

14. Ibid., p. 342.

15. Ibid., p. 340; Ironically, at this very time, the Bolsheviks were beginning to take ruthless measures aiming at the suppression of the real anarchist! In Unsing's defense, however, it should be noted that his description of the Bolsheviks as “anarchists” referred primarily to their tactics rather than to their final ends, which he recognized to be a “despotism of the proletariat in every country” (ibid.) rather than the absence of all government.

16. On the difficulty of obtaining information on Russia during this period, see, generally, Kennan, Russia Leaves the War.

17. See, esp., Williams, American-Russian Relations, ch. 5.

18. Lansing, memorandum, December 2, 1917, op.cit., p. 342.

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid., p. 345.

22. Lansing to Wilson, December 10, 1917, in FRUS, The Lansing Papers, 1914-20, vol. 2, (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1940), p 343 thereafter cited as Lansing Papers.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid., p. 344.

25. Lansing, Draft Telegram to the Ambassador in Great Britain, December 12, 1917, in ibid., pp. 345-46; U.S. funds could not be provided to Kaledin directly because of statutes preventing the allocation of money to foreign movement not recognized as legitimate governments.

26. Williams, American-Russian Relations, pp. 117-18.

27. Ibid., pp. 105, 117.

28. Lansing, Draft Telegram to Ambassador in Great Britain, op.cit., p. 345.

29. Ibid., p. 346.

30. See Kennan, Russia Leaves the War, p. 178.

31. See Alexander George and Juliette George, Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House, corrected ed., (New York: Dover, 1964); while the Georges’ psychological explanation of the Wilson-House relationship is dubious, the fact that such a relationship existed is relatively undisputed. See also Christopher C. Gabriel, “Colonel House and the Development of American Peace Policy, 1918,” unpublished M.Phil, thesis, New College, Oxford University, 1993.

32. See, e.g., Williams, American-Russian Relations;, Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics;, Kennan, Decision; Kennan, Russia Leaves the War

33. See Thompson, Russia, Bolshevism, and the Versailles Peace, pp. 45, 97, 288-89.

34. Wilson to Rep. Frank Clark, November 13, 1917, in PWW, vol. 45, p. 39.

35. See my analysis of the British policy in chapter 2 above.

36. Wilson to Lansing, January 1, 1918, in PWW, vol. 45, p. 417.

37. As they are in Unterberger, “Woodrow Wilson and the Russian Revolution,” pp.

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